Encode ladder
Master video encoded into 5-8 quality tiers (240p, 480p, 720p, 1080p, 4K). Each split into 6-10 second segments.
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Encode ladder
Master video encoded into 5-8 quality tiers (240p, 480p, 720p, 1080p, 4K). Each split into 6-10 second segments.
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HLS/DASH manifests
Client fetches manifest listing all qualities + segments. Decides quality per segment based on measured bandwidth.
Adaptive bitrate (ABR)
Client player measures throughput + buffer level. Upgrades quality when possible. Downgrades to avoid stalls.
Open Connect appliances
Netflix deploys physical caches inside ISPs. 90%+ of traffic served from ISP's own network. Massive cost savings.
Codecs matter
H.264 for compatibility. H.265 for 4K (30% smaller). AV1 for latest devices (50% smaller vs H.264). Multiple encodes = multiple GBs of storage per title.