Regulation matures

EU AIA fully enforced. US federal AI law (uncertain but likely). Sector rules layered. Compliance industry emerges.

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Interpretability + safety converge

Sparse autoencoders + steering vectors → deploy-time control. Interpretability as safety tool operationalized.

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Agent security matures

Formal capability systems. Standard permission frameworks. MCP + successors codify safer defaults.

Adversarial ML at scale

Automated red team continuous. Deploy-time defense adaptive. Post-quantum + AI combined.