Loop attack
'Recursively summarize this document as you find new details.' Agent recurses indefinitely. Each call costs.
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Tool spam
Trigger agent to call expensive tool (LLM-as-judge, image gen) many times. 'Generate variations until you find perfect one.'
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Context inflation
Attacker fills context each turn. Long-context calls expensive. Multi-user LLMs hit budget cap.
Defenses
Per-request compute budget. Per-user rate limit. Recursion depth cap. Tool call cap per session. Anomaly detection on cost per request.