Why it matters

Framework choice affects ecosystem access. Understanding shapes strategic decisions.

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The architecture

PyTorch: imperative, define-by-run, huge ecosystem.

JAX: functional, jit + vmap + pmap + grad transforms.

TensorFlow: declarative + eager modes, Google-native.

Framework landscapePyTorchimperative, dominantJAXfunctional, researchTensorFlowdeclining sharePyTorch dominant in research + industry; JAX growing; TF fading (except Google)
Framework comparison.
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How it works end to end

PyTorch: HuggingFace, most research code, Meta backing.

JAX: DeepMind, some Google projects, XLA-native.

TensorFlow: legacy production Google, Keras interface still popular.

Interop: ONNX for model portability.