Why it matters

Long training needs checkpoints. Understanding shapes reliable training.

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The architecture

Save: model + optimizer + scheduler + step.

Async save to avoid stalls.

Checkpointing strategySave frequencytrade cost vs recoveryAsync saveavoid stallsRecoveryload + resumeMulti-tier: local NVMe + remote object storage
Checkpointing.
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How it works end to end

Frequency: balance write cost vs recovery loss.

Format: safetensors modern.

Multi-tier storage.

Async: avoid blocking training.