Core concept
NAT Gateway: $0.045/hr + $0.045/GB data. HA within AZ. Multi-AZ deploy = one per AZ. Scales automatically.
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How it works
NAT Instance: cheap for low traffic. Single point of failure. Manual scaling. Bandwidth limits per instance.
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Trade-offs + gotchas
Production: NAT Gateway. Dev/POC: NAT Instance. Always deploy per AZ for prod (AZ failure isolation).