Preferential attachment (BA model)

Growing network: new node connects to existing with probability proportional to degree. Rich-get-richer. Produces γ = 3.

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Robustness

Robust to random failure (mostly low-degree fail). Vulnerable to targeted attack (removing hubs).

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Real examples

Web hyperlinks (γ ≈ 2.1). Internet AS graph. Airline networks. Protein interactions.

Alternative mechanisms

Copying model. Duplication + divergence. Fitness-based preferential attachment.