Duality

Add edge from t to s. Dual graph: face-adjacency. Shortest cycle through the new edge in dual = min cut = max flow.

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Directed planar

More subtle. Fast algorithms exist: O(V log² V) or better.

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Multi-source planar

Miller-Naor: O(V log³ V) all-pairs flow via multiple s-t reductions.

Applications

Circuit design (planar). Image segmentation (planar grid). Road networks (approximately planar).