Structure

Multi-layer graph. Top: sparse, long-range edges. Bottom: dense, short-range. Search: greedy descend, refine at bottom.

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Insertion

Choose max layer by exponential distribution. Connect to M nearest neighbors at each layer. Layer probabilities decay geometrically.

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Query

Start at top entrypoint. Greedy walk to closest neighbor. Descend layer. Repeat. Refine at bottom with beam search.

Complexity

Build: O(N log N · M). Query: O(log N) with high accuracy.