Random walk kernel

Count matching walks in product graph. Polynomial time. Weakness: 'tottering' — infinite short walks.

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Shortest path kernel

Compare shortest-path length distributions. O(V⁴) per pair.

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Weisfeiler-Leman kernel

Iterative label refinement + hash. Very effective, O(iterations · (V + E)).

Graph Neural Tangent Kernel

NTK of infinite-width GNN. Interpretable + often outperforms other kernels.