Undirected Eulerian check

All degrees even → Eulerian circuit is the answer. Otherwise: extra edges needed.

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Odd vertex matching

Find shortest paths between all pairs of odd-degree vertices. Add duplicate edges (min matching) so degrees even. Then find Eulerian.

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Directed variant

NP-hard in general. Special case (mixed graphs) polynomial via flow.

Complexity

Undirected: O(V³) via Floyd + matching. Practical for moderate V.